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Eastern Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

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Western Europe

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

Warsaw Pact

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Sargeant, Howland H.

1911- 1984

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American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (AMCOMLIB)

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Sino-Soviet Relations

Soviet Foreign Policy

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911- 1998

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

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Documents

June 1, 1968	Cipher Telegram 2142-GOU/2/85657, To the Minister of National Defense of Poland Division General Cde. W. Jaruzelski This cipher message provides the leadership of Polish forces with specific information regarding the implementation of the military exercise to be held in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
May 29, 1968	Cipher Telegram 2103-203, To Deputy Minister of National Defense of Poland and Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces This brief cipher message informs the Polish military leadership that the joint military exercise to be conducted in Poland and Czechoslovakia must be postponed from June to July.
August 7, 1956	Agreed Policy Governing Radio Free Europe Operations CIA and Free Europe Committee (FEC) restate policy for Radio Free Europe in the context of the 1956 upheaval in the Communist world.
July 13, 1956	National Security Council Discussion of Policy Toward Eastern Europe Senior officials discuss US policy at a National Security Council (NSC) principals' meeting on July 12. Notwithstanding less cautionary views expressed by Vice President Nixon at the NSC discussion, on July 18 President Eisenhower approved a minor modification of the draft (NSC 5608 and the annex) as NSC 5608/1 to serve as a basic statement of U.S. policy (published as redacted document 80, FRUS, 1955-57, XXV ; unredacted document 17, Békés, Byrne, and Rainer, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution).
July 3, 1956	National Security Council, NSC 5608, Draft of “US Policy toward the Soviet Satellites in Eastern Europe” Staff draft of NSC 5608, concluding that ferment in the Communist world provides new opportunities to challenge Soviet control. A draft annex called for “encouraging evolutionary change” and defined as tasks of RFE and RL (and other USG-funded media) “avoiding any incitement to premature revolt” while “seeking to maintain faith in the eventual restoration of freedom.” Redacted document 76, FRUS, 1955-1957, XXV, unredacted document 12, Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne, and János M. Rainer, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2002.)
June 28, 1977	Military Exercise Memorandum regarding the reconnaissance plan of the Maritime Front staff This document provides information on the reconnaissance capabilities of the Polish Maritime Front in the case that Eastern forces engage in combat in the city of Hamburg, Germany.
June 28, 1977	Fala-77 Military Exercise Maritime Front Reconnaissance Plan for an Amphibious Assault Operation This document summarizes the objectives of a 1977 Warsaw Pact reconnaissance military exercise intended to gather information about enemy defensive capabilities on the islands off the coast of Denmark and Norway, particularly Zealand.
June 1977	Military Exercise VAL-77 Explanatory note to the concept of the operational-tactical exercise of allied fleets in the Baltic Sea, codenamed VAL-77 This document provides an overview of the VAL-77 Warsaw Pact military exercise. Conducted in June and July 1977, the exercise simulated a joint seizure of the Baltic Straits region in order to provide practical operational experience and to improve coordination between ground, naval, and air forces. The exercise is predicated on a hypothetical scenario in which the "Westerners" initiate hostilities toward the "Easterners," prompting the Warsaw Pact allies to respond with force.
February 8, 1969	Military Exercise Specific Plan for the Coordination of the Air Defense Forces of the Polish People's Republic and the Northern Group of Forces This document sets out plans to coordinate the air defense forces of the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia. Coordination primarily includes, for example, the mutual exchange of information regarding detection, tracking, and actions of enemy targets.
1985	Report of a Representative of the USSR Chief of Armed Forces Communications, Developing Modern Communication Systems This report summarizes findings and recommendations by the leadership of the Combined Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact on the issue of improving allied communications systems and equipment. The writer warns that the alliance's communications technology has not kept up with the demands of modern military command and control systems, emphasizing the importance of rapid combat readiness and survivability; the complexity of modern technical systems and equipment; the imperative of maintaining secrecy; and the significance of efficient transmission of information. By integrating advanced technologies within the existing military infrastructure, it is argued, the Warsaw Pact forces will be better equipped to meet these challenges. Suggestions include standardizing equipment across the military, adopting digital formats of information, automating communications, developing technologies immune to the environmental consequences of nuclear explosions, and more.