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Eastern Europe

Satellite image of Western Europe

Western Europe

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

North Atlantic Council Meeting, Lisbon, June 1985

Archivio Andreotti's NATO Series

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

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Italy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

-

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

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Documents

June 5, 1947	The Marshall Plan, Speech by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall Speech in which George C. Marshall lays out the "Marshall Plan" for US aid to assist in the re-building of post-war Europe.
February 22, 1946	George Kennan's 'Long Telegram' George F. Kennan writes to the Secretary of State with a lengthy analysis of Soviet policy in an attempt to explain their recent uncooperative behavior. This message would later become famous as the "long telegram."
February 11, 1945	Yalta Conference Agreement, Declaration of a Liberated Europe The text of the agreements reached at the Yalta (Crimea) Conference between President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Generalissimo Stalin.
July 9, 1973	Report by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on China's Policy toward Western Europe and Opposition against the CSCE This document contains information prepared by the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on China's European policy and Chinese opposition to the convocation of a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). It states that China's overall goals are diametrically opposed to those of the European Socialist countries and their Communist parties, with Beijing identifying the Soviet Union as its primary enemy. In this light, the Soviet leadership maintains that actively confronting China in ideological and political terms remains one of the most important tasks of the Warsaw Pact countries.
June 1977	Military Exercise VAL-77 Explanatory note to the concept of the operational-tactical exercise of allied fleets in the Baltic Sea, codenamed VAL-77 This document provides an overview of the VAL-77 Warsaw Pact military exercise. Conducted in June and July 1977, the exercise simulated a joint seizure of the Baltic Straits region in order to provide practical operational experience and to improve coordination between ground, naval, and air forces. The exercise is predicated on a hypothetical scenario in which the "Westerners" initiate hostilities toward the "Easterners," prompting the Warsaw Pact allies to respond with force.
September 3, 1985	Military Exercise Druzhba-85 Plan to conduct a one-sided, multi-stage combined-arms army exercise codenamed "Druzhba-85" This document introduces the trilateral military exercise known as Druzhba-85. Involving troops from the Soviet Union, East Germany, and Poland, the September 1985 exercise was implemented with the goal of improving commands and staffs in joint offensive operations; identifying more effective methods of military organization; coordinating allied commands and staffs; and deepening international political ties via military coalition. The exercise is premised on a hypothetical scenario in which NATO forces exacerbate East-West tensions and launch an offensive against the Warsaw Pact countries. The document provides additional detail on the operational procedure of the exercise.
January 20, 1980	Military Exercise Appendix No. 17: NATO Order of Battle in the Western Theater of Military Operations This document details the composition of NATO military forces by country and by class.
March 24, 1975	Military Exercise Soyuz-75 Combat Instruction No. 04 of the Maritime Front Part of the Soyuz-75 military exercise, this document provides the Warsaw Pact Maritime Front with information on enemy losses and opportunities to mount an offensive strike. In this hypothetical scenario, the Maritime Front is charged with destroying enemy airfields, advancing westward, and occupying the North Sea coast, where their troops and allied navies will establish a defense of their position.
November 18, 1953	CIA Dissent from C.D. Jackson’s Views CIA official Tracey Barnes, reacting to C.D. Jackson’s memorandum of November 16, 1953 ("Fomenting Unrest in the Communist World"), cautions against encouraging active resistance in Eastern Europe.
March 19, 1975	Military Exercise Soyuz-75 Combat Instruction No. 2 for Reconnaissance of the Maritime Front This document describes the present military situation in Europe as part of the "Soyuz-75" military exercise. Having inflicting damage on NATO with nuclear strikes, the Polish Maritime Front must now gauge the current condition and location of Western military forces in Europe.