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Southern Africa

South Africa

South African Nuclear History

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

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Southern Africa

Namibia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Central Africa

Angola

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Photograph of P.W. Botha

Botha, P. W. (Pieter Willem)

1916- 2006

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

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Vorster, B. J. (Balthazar Johannes)

1915- 1983

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Botha, R. F. (Roelof Frederik) ("Pik")

1932-

Margaret Thatcher in 1984

Thatcher, Margaret

1925- 2013

Israeli Nuclear History

Pakistani Nuclear History

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June 18, 1977	SWAPO Press Statement, Delivered by D.T. Tjongarero at an Impromptu Press Conference in Windhoek Press statement by SWAPO accusing the West of stalling the UN resolution for Namibian independence, and of working with South Africa to exploit Namibia. Questions whether some aspects of the resolution have been ignored or discussed without consultation of Namibia.
January 30, 1976	Resolution 385 of the United Nations Security Council on Namibia UN Security Council resolution condemning South Africa's occupation of and presence in Namibia, and demanding, among other things, that South Africa end apartheid in Namibia and release its Namibian political prisoners.
1989	Defense Intelligence Agency Briefing, 'The 1987-88 Combat in Southern Angola: Lessons Learned' Analysis of the military campaign waged in Southern Angola in 1987-88 as well as the lessons learned from this exchange. Document indicates that FAPLA failed to learn from its mistakes, while UNITA adapted much more effectively to the combat environment it faced in Angola. Although FAPLA managed to hold on to Cuito Cuanavale, its large losses led to a Cuban build-up in Southern Angola, which challenged the existing military balance in the region. This provided new impetus to peace negotiations and resulted in the December 1988 Accords among South Africa, Angola and Cuba.
April 1984	Defense Intelligence Agency Report, 'Soviet Military and Other Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa' An overview of Soviet political, economic and military involvement in Africa. The document asserts that although Moscow continues its policy of taking an active and aggressive role in the affairs of Sub-Saharan Africa, much of the momentum it initially possessed has been lost. Moscow now finds itself holding onto the influence it maintains most notably in Mozambique, Angola and Ethiopia.
1975	Meeting Transcript, Kissinger and Brezhnev Discuss Angola in Moscow Kissinger questions Brezhnev about Cuban involvement in Angola and asks if the Cubans will withdraw if the South Africans do. Brezhnev gives no definitive answers.
December 3, 1975	Memorandum of Conversation with Chinese Delegation led by Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping Chinese delegation visits the White House and discusses Angola. The Chinese emphasize that South Africa must exit the conflict if there is to be any chance of rallying other African states to oppose Neto.
September 2, 1949	Memorandum of Conversation Regarding Eximbank Loan to South Africa Assistant Secretary of State Thorp, Arneson, and Wendel discuss a potential Eximbank loan to South Africa, noting that though the loan application should be considered separate from US uranium purchases, South Africa was due to become the main source of uranium in the US after the Congo's supply was depleted.
March 28, 1949	House of Assembly Debates, Union of South Africa, on Atomic Energy Bill, First Session, Tenth Parliament House debate on the Atomic Energy Bill, which proposed controlling South Africa's nuclear energy by placing the state in charge of mining and ownership of uranium, thorium, and other radioactive materials.
October 18, 1948	Memorandum from A.M. Rosenson to Wendel Regarding Draft Economic Policy Statement Memo from Alexander M. Rosenson, chief of the monetary affairs staff at the Dept. of State, to Wendel with the economic section of the US policy agenda towards South Africa attached.
May 26, 1948	Memorandum from J.K Gustafson to C.L. Wilson Regarding Gustafson's Conversation with Anton Gray Memo from J. K. Gustafson to Carroll L. Wilson, both of the US Atomic Energy Commission, regarding a conversation Anton Gray had with General Smuts, the fourth prime minister of South Africa, about South Africa's uranium development and its effect on relations with the US and the UK.