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Soviet Foreign Policy

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Eastern Europe

Hungary

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Head of a toppled Stalin statue in Budapest, 1956

1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

September 1980 crisis in Poland

1980-81 Polish Crisis

East German Uprising

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

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December 11, 1980	Transcript of the CPSU Politburo Session, 11 December 1980 The Politburo approves the results of a meeting of Warsaw Pact officials. Kania offers assurances that PZPR will be able to control the Polish crisis on its own.
January 14, 1981	Directive from the CPSU Secretariat, 14 January 1981, with Supporting Cables CPSU gives instructions to the Communist Party of Italy on how to deal with Solidarity leader Lech Walesa's visit.
October 9, 1986	Decree of the Secretary of the CC CPSU, 09 October 1986 Concerns the KGB in Kabul and the help of the Iraqi Communist Party.
July 1, 1953	Letter from Lavrentiy Beria to Georgii Malenkov Reflecting on the Events of Spring 1953 (Excerpt) Letter from Beria to Malenkov discussing the events which took place in East Germany in the spring of 1953. Beria also discusses his actions after Stalin's death, asking for the forgiveness of the CPSU CC Politburo.
March 18, 1953	Draft Instructions for General Vasilii Chuikov and Vladimir Semyonov regarding GDR Control of Borders Draft instructions of the Soviet leadership to its representatives in East Germany, advising that the SED requests for East German control of the border with West Germany are "unacceptable and grossly simplistic."
April 18, 1953	Memorandum from Ivan Turginov, 'On the Western Powers’ Policy regarding the German Question' Ivan Turginov reports on the policies of the Western powers on the German Question. Special emphasis is given to the public opinion in western countries with regard to Western and Soviet policies towards occupied Germany.
April 28, 1953	Soviet Foreign Ministry Memorandum, 'Regarding Further Measures of the Soviet Government on the German Question' Memorandum on further issues regarding the German Question. The memorandum discusses further actions to be taken by the Soviet leadership in order to respond to developments in the Western controlled sectors of Germany and to increase Soviet influence with the German people.
October 26, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 26 October 1956 Liu Shaoqi of the CPC CC tells the CPSU Presidium that the Rokossowski issue is central in Poland. The Presidium considers incoming information sent by Mikoyan and Suslov from Budapest. It is recommended that Hungarians studying in Moscow be instructed and sent back to Budapest to end the “vacillations” within the CC. Presidium members are critical of Mikoyan and call for a firm line with Hungary. Khrushchev commits to sending three more Presidium members to Hungary, contacting ousted Prime Minister Andras Hegedus, and reinforcing the troops.
November 1, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 1 November 1956 At this session of the Presidium, Mikoyan argues that in the face of a universal demand for troop withdrawal the best option is to support the Hungarian government. Mikoyan promotes negotiations over force. The other members support the application of force to put down the uprising. Supporters of force refer to the necessity of keeping Hungary within the Soviet sphere and preventing the uprising from spreading to other Eastern European nations.
November 2, 1956	Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 2 November 1956 The CPSU CC Presidium is confronted with reports from Hungary of mass demonstrations, armed counterrevolutionary groups, and the support for Nagy by the opposition. The CC is told about the Hungarian decision to declare neutrality and the likely confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian troops should the former continue to advance toward Budapest. Also discussed is the split within the HWP and possible Soviet responses.