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South Asia

Afghanistan

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

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Middle East

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

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Ustinov, Dimitri F.

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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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South Asia

Pakistan

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Amīn, Ḥafīẓ Allāh

1929- 1979

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

Soviet Foreign Policy

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Mitrokhin Archive

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Documents

January 26, 1983	Excerpts from several reports about the situation in the PDPA compiled by the KGB An assessment of the military-political situation in Afghanistan. Intra-party disagreements posed a threat to the stability of the government, and its long-term viability.
January 31, 1989	The placement of a 3-month supply of material goods for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Afghanistan in emergency reserves Summary of a 3-months supply of goods for the Army of the Republic of Afghanistan.
1999	Information regarding advisers, specialists, interpreters, and extended servicemen who died or were wounded in the period from 1980 to 1987 Informational graphs of the number of advisers, specialists, interpreters, and extended servicemen who died or were wounded during 1980-1987.
August 30, 1981	Conversation with Afghan Leader Babrak Karmal Regarding the Situation in the 'Center' Zone The General Consul is asked to approve an ultimatum which would allow Soviet forces to psychologically influence the rebels, and secondly, provide a way to warn the civilian population.
September 25, 1981	Diary of the events surrounding the September 1981 defection of the 913th Afghan Border Battalion This document consists of diary entries covering the events within the Afghan and Soviet militaries which ultimately led to the defection of the 913th Afghan Border Battalion.
October 11, 1981	Conversation with Babrak Karmal This document reveals the difficulty in distinguishing between rebels from the local population. The often coercive tactics of the Afghan military, which drew in individuals who would not join on their own, shows the difficulty in differentiating between rebels and local people.
July 4, 1981	Record of a conversation between Cheremnykh, Chief Military Adviser Mayorov, and N. A. Nur, Karmal’s deputy This document reveals much disagreement between Soviet policy makers. Cheremnykh, Chief Military Adviser Mayorov, and N. A. Nur, Karmal’s deputy disagree over the responsbility to the armed forces.
May 10, 1981	Report of Military Leaders to D. F. Ustinov This document reveals reluctance on the part of the Soviets to maintain military involvement in Afghanistan, and difficulty in shaping a newly forming Afghan government. The PDPA's efforts to establish a democratic government, Soviets analysts revealed, were hampered by tribalism and strong ethnic disagreements regarding the scope and shape of their government.
January 1, 1989	A January 1989 USSR Council of Ministers Instruction A decision authorizing military aid, totaling 6 million Soviet rubles.
March 18, 1979	Telephone Conversation between Soviet Premier Alexei N. Kosygin and Afghan Premier Nur Mohammed Taraki This conversation reveals the difficulty that the Afghan political leadership faced in establishing a government--despite substantial military aid and advice from the Soviet Union.