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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Photograph of 38th parallel crossing during Korean War

Korean War, 1950-1953

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Chinese troops cross the Yalu River, 1950, to fight in the Korean War.

China and the Korean War

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Roshchin, Nikolai V.

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Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Vyshinsky, Andrey Yanuaryevich

1883- 1954

Presidential Office Building of Taiwan

East Asia

Taiwan

Official Chinese Communist Party portrait of Liu Shaoqi.

Liu, Shaoqi

1898- 1969

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September 11, 1969	Information about A.N. Kosygin’s Conversation With Zhou Enlai on 11 September 1969 A.N. Kosygin met with Zhou Enlai, Li Xiannian, and Xie Fuzhi in an effort to improve strained relations between the Soviet Union and China. The main focus was the on-going Sino-Soviet border dispute. Kosygin also proposed the expansion of trade relations and economic cooperation as well as the normalizing of railroad and aviation connections. Significantly, the Soviet premier also acquiesced when Zhou declared that Beijing would not curtail its political and ideological criticism of the Soviet Union.
November 12, 1963	Memorandum of Conversation, Chinese Officials and the Hungarian Ambassador to China Martin, the Hungarian ambassador to China, is involved with several conversations with Chinese officials before returning to Hungary, and the three highlighted conversations are with Zhu De, Chen Yi, and Zhou Enlai. Among other international issues, Zhu De discusses imperial attempts to restore capitalism in socialist countries and references “revisionism” in Hungary, to which Martin responds defensively. Chen Yi discusses Chinese industrial and economic development. Zhou Enlai discusses recent Chinese struggles, and interprets Martin’s reaction as distrust.
May 16, 1969	Note Number 399 from Pierre Cerles to Michel Debré, 'China and Eastern Europe' Pierre Cerles provides an assessment of Chinese foreign policy toward Eastern Europe during the 1960s within the context of the Sino-Soviet split, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Cultural Revolution, and China's own internal leadership divisions.
September 3, 1968	Note Number 291 from the Department of Asia-Oceania, 'China and the Events in Czechoslovakia' The Department of Asia-Oceania analyzes shifts in Chinese foreign policy toward Eastern Europe following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and connects the apparent changes in Beijing's diplomacy to the Sino-Soviet split and the Vietnam War.
May 13, 1950	Ciphered Telegram, Roshchin to Cde. Filippov [Stalin] The telegram relays a request from Mao, conveyed via Chinese Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, seeking Stalin’s “personal clarifications” of his stand on a potential North Korean action to reunify the country. Mao sought the information after hearing a report from Kim, who had arrived that day in the Chinese capital for a secret two-day visit and clearly claimed that he had received Stalin’s blessing.
July 22, 1950	Ciphered Telegram No. 22591 from Roschin to Filippov [Stalin] Mao Zedong informs Stalin of China's military and strategic maneuvers in summer 1950 as a result of the Korean War.
September 5, 1963	Zhou Enlai’s Discussion with a Kenyan African National Federation Delegation (Excerpt) Zhou Enlai criticizes the Three-Nation Treaty (Limited Test Ban Treaty) of 1963, arguing that it signifies an attempt by the US, UK, and USSR to monopolize nuclear weapons. Enlai warns that the agreement will allow larger nuclear countries to commit “nuclear blackmail” against smaller, non-nuclear countries.
July 11, 1960	Some Remarks by Zhou Enlai on a Report by Nie Rongzhen In the wake of a deepening Sino-Soviet split, Zhou Enlai explains how to manage Chinese bilateral technological and educational exchanges. Above all, Zhou emphasizes the importance of Chinese self-reliance in innovation and education as the country moves forward.
July 11, 1957	Handwritten Letter from Nie Rongzhen to Zhou Enlai on the Development of the Atomic Energy Industry A letter to Zhou Enlai informing him that the industrial development plan for China's atomic energy program has not been finalized and that the technical agreement with the Soviet Union must be delayed.
December 8, 1950	Letter from Zhou Enlai to Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and Chen Yun Zhou Enlai reports on Soviet replies to telegrams from the Chinese side.