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South Asia

Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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South Asia

Pakistan

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Middle East

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Sino-Soviet Relations

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Pakistani Nuclear History

Soviet Foreign Policy

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Najibullah, Mohammad

1947- 1996

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

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January 11, 1956	Information on Khrushchev and Bulganin’s November-December 1955 trip to India, Burma, and Afghanistan, from the Central Committee of the CPSU to the Central Committee of the SED Report on Khrushchev and Bulganin's trip to India, Burma, and Afghanistan, summarizing issues discussed in each country. In India, Nehru tells Khrushchev and Bulganin that India shares USSR attitude on a number of questions on foreign policy, including German re-unification and the question of military blocs. Nehru also criticizes influence of Cominform on Communist Party of India, and calls 1951 ICP visit to Moscow "illegal." In Burma, the delegation primarily touches on trade questions. In Afghanistan, Khrushchev and Bulganin discuss foreign policy issues, along with economic support from the Soviet Union for Afghanistan. Afghanistan commits to remaining neutral, and not joining the Baghdad Pact.
September 2, 1989	Letter from Ahmad Shah Masoud to Soviet First Deputy Foreign Minister and Special Afghanistan Envoy Yuli Vorontsov Afghan opposition leader Ahmad Shah Masoud sends a defiant letter in response to Soviet overtures.
January 24, 1989	Minutes of CPSU Central Committee Politburo, 'Measures in Connection with the Upcoming Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan' (Excerpt) List of measures to support the Afghan military following the withdrawal of Soviet troops, especially the vital suppy route of the Kabul-Hayraton highway.
1986	GRU Dossier on Najibullah Biography of Najibullah, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from a dossier of the USSR Armed Forces General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate.
December 11, 1989	Letter from CPSU General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev to Afghan Government Gorbachev discusses the necessity of intra-Afghan peace talks. At the same time, the Soviet Union will provide military assistance, weapons, and aircraft to Afghanistan to retaliate against opposition.
November 5, 1989	Letter from Afghan President Najibullah to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev (Excerpt) Najibullah requests for technical aid and additional supplies from the USSR to support the war in Afghanistan.
January 14, 1989	Memorandum of Conversation between Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and Najibullah and other Afghan Leaders on 13-14 January 1989 (Excerpt) Shevardnadze, Najibullah and others discuss the possibility of Soviet forces providing security for vital cargo deliveries along the Hairaton-Kabul highway, which passes through territory controlled by Ahmad Shah Masoud's forces.
August 1988	Report from General Valentin Varennikov to Soviet Defense Minister Dmitri T. Yazov (Excerpt) Varennikov reports on problems with the Afghan forces, including excessive demands for additional weapons and equipment and the unreliability of Afghan troops.
March 1988	Memorandum on the Results of the Negotiations between Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard A. Shevardnadze with US President Ronald Reagan and US Secretary of State George. Shultz in Washington on 22-24 March Report that the US is continuing to hinder Geneva Accord negotiations between Afghanistan and Pakistan by "raising additional conditions that can only be considered an attempt to slow or even disrupt the solution of the Afghan problem."
January 20, 1987	Memorandum of Conversation between CPSU Secretary for International Relations Anatoly Dobrynin and Socialist Unity Party (SED) General Secretary Erich Honecker in Berlin Dobrynin and Honecker discuss Gorbachev's recent visit to India and the preparations in Afghanistan for the withdrawal of Soviet troops.