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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Eastern Europe

Poland

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Eastern Europe

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Eastern Europe

Hungary

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Intelligence Operations in the Cold War

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Prague Spring, 1968

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Shelest, P. IU. (Petro IUkhymovych)

1908- 1996

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Sino-Soviet Relations

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

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Documents

August 7, 1956	Agreed Policy Governing Radio Free Europe Operations CIA and Free Europe Committee (FEC) restate policy for Radio Free Europe in the context of the 1956 upheaval in the Communist world.
March 13, 1956	German Concerns about Free Europe Committee Balloon Leaflet Operations West German Ambassador Heinz Krekeler shares his government’s concerns about Free Europe Committee (FEC) balloon operations with Deputy Undersecretary of State Robert Murphy and FEC President Whitney Shepardson.
August 1968	Letter from Czech Communist Politicians to Brezhnev Requesting Soviet Intervention in Prague Spring In August 1968 a small group of pro-Moscow hardliners in the Czechoslovak Communist Party, led by Vasil Bilak, wrote two letters requesting urgent assistance from the Soviet Union to thwart the imminent "counterrevolution" in Czechoslovakia. Both letters were addressed to Leonid Brezhnev, the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU), and both were written in Russian to ensure that they would be read promptly. The first (and more important) letter was signed by Bilak and four of his colleagues: Drahomir Kolder, Alois Indra, Oldrich Svestka, and Antonin Kapek. Brezhnev later used the letter as a formal justification for the impending military invasion of Czechoslovakia.
February 8, 1969	Military Exercise Specific Plan for the Coordination of the Air Defense Forces of the Polish People's Republic and the Northern Group of Forces This document sets out plans to coordinate the air defense forces of the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia. Coordination primarily includes, for example, the mutual exchange of information regarding detection, tracking, and actions of enemy targets.
July 22, 1954	US Government Policy for Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty An annex to the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) “169 Study” on U.S. international communications reviews the goals and effectiveness of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
June 16, 1954	State Department Reservations about Free Europe Committee Policy State Department official Lampton Berry conveys to Thomas Braden reservations about FEC Special Policy Guidance No. 19 [available in the Hoover Archives] that emphasized weakened Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
November 16, 1953	Fomenting Unrest in the Communist World C.D. Jackson, now assistant to President Eisenhower, urges CIA director Allen Dulles to make contingency plans to exploit future unrest in the Communist world during a perceived “Winter of Discontent.”
November 20, 1951	CIA-State Department “Summit” Limits Scope of Radio Free Europe Assistant Secretary of State Edward Barrett reviews Free Europe Committee plans with Allen Dulles and other officials. The State Department vetoes startup of Radio Free Europe Baltic broadcasting on grounds that it would duplicate Voice of America broadcasts and insists that the Crusade for Freedom be toned down. Dulles subsequently rejects the latter point in a handwritten annotation.
April 1966	Consultation between the Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry and the Soviet Foreign Ministry [in Moscow] A report on a routine meeting between Czechoslovak and Soviet Foreign Ministry officials. The topic of discussions was Soviet foreign policy toward Africa and Asia and the Soviets tried to convince the Czechoslovak that relations with these regions were developing well despite several right wing military coups which had taken place in the previous two years. Africa came to the fore, during the discussions, as an area in which the Soviets were investing a lot of time and money.
May 25, 1988	Military Exercise Shchit-88 Operational Summary No. 1 for the period 0800 25 May to 0800 2 June 1988 This document describes Warsaw Pact military exercises conducted between 25 May and 2 June 1988. Summarized in detail, the comprehensive exercise brought all facets of the combined forces to "wartime strength" in response to a theoretical threat posed by NATO.