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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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South Asia

Pakistan

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

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United States

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South Asia

Afghanistan

Nuclear Proliferation

Indian Nuclear History

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Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Sino-Soviet Relations

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

China and South Asia

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Hungary. Embassy (India)

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Gandhi, Rajiv

1944- 1991

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Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad

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May 21, 1958	Letter, Zakia Hussein and Najma Hussein to Comrade Mukhitdinov The family of Pakistan's ambassador to the Soviet Union approaches Nuriddin Mukhitdinov for help arranging a trip around Central Asia, and the
November 4, 1973	Prime Minister's Discussions with Premier Zhou Enlai, 31 October-3 November 1973, Summary Zhou Enlai and E.G. Whitlam discuss Sino-Australian relations, the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Indo-Pak conflict, Great Power relations, Taiwan's international status, and other issues.
April 2, 1965	Record of Conversation between Premier Zhou Enlai and the President of Pakistan Ayub Khan Zhou, Ayub Khan, and Zulfikar Bhutto discuss the Vietnam War, China's relations with the US and the Soviet Union, the Second Asian-African Conference, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
April 2, 1965	Record of Conversation between Premier Zhou Enlai and Pakistan's Foreign Minister Bhutto Zhou and Bhutto discuss the Second Asian-African Conference, as well as the potential for a rapprochement between China and the Philippines.
April 20, 1965	Minutes of Conversation between Premier Zhou and Bhutto Bhutto shares with Zhou the results of Ayub Khan's visit to the Soviet Union. He also discusses the problems that the Sino-Soviet split has created for Pakistan, Soviet military aid to India, and the Vietnam War.
December 18, 1986	Regarding the Results of the Visit of Mikhail Gorbachev to India This document reports on the visit by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to India in 1986. The report recounts an ever-deepening relationship between India and the Soviet Union. One of the main reasons for the Indian position is the strong support for Pakistan by the US, the delivery of modern weaponry to this country together with concerns that Pakistan will soon develop nuclear weapons. Gandhi also accuses Pakistan of training Sikh terrorists on its territory. The Soviet side intends to further intensify its relations with India and to upgrade them by treating India as a full-fledged world power. The aim is to establish a long-term special relationship with India based on common principles in the foreign arena and close collaboration in all other fields.
October 11, 1973	Meeting of Prime Minister Trudeau and Premier Zhou Enlai at the State Guest House (Diaoyutai) Zhou Enlai offers Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau an extensive history of the Chinese Civil War and Chinese Revolution. Zhou also comments on China's foreign policy positions toward and views on the Soviet Union, nuclear war, Bangladesh, revisionism, and great power hegemony, among other topics.
February 25, 1964	Record of Conversation between Chen Yi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Chen Yi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto conversation, focusing mainly on the Soviet Union's current foreign policy regarding India. Both Chen Yi and Bhutto criticize the Soviet Union's support for India. Bhutto complains that China and Pakistan are the "only countries that expose India" for their behavior. Both agree that Pakistan and China must work hard together to prevent India -- with its support from the US and Soviet Union -- from strengthening its influence over the Security Council, UN and Afro-Asian politics.
August 5, 1961	Record of a Conversation between Deputy Secretary Huang Zhen and the Polish Ambassador to China Huang Zhen and Jerzy Knothe discuss the socialist bloc's foreign policy coordination.
July 2, 1987	Record of Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Prime Minister R. Gandhi Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi meet to discuss various issues. Begin by noting the effect of Western radio propaganda within both India and Soviet Union. Gorbachev notes the "voices" of Western radio stations broadcasting in the Soviet Union, aiming to undermine perestroika. After touching on economic initiatives in India, Gandhi singles out, among problems in India, the "weakening of public morals." Blames this problem on the "onslaught of the Western--and first and foremost, American-- mass media." Both sides criticize militarism at base of US foreign policy, and US emphasis on rolling back communism. Conversation concludes with analysis of Afghanistan situation; Gorbachev explains measure USSR is taking to solidify Afghan government, and Gandhi recommends caution when dealing with tribal factor in Afghanistan. Both sides speak on Pakistan's reaction to situation.