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Eastern Europe

Poland

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Warsaw Pact

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Eastern Europe

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Eastern Europe

Hungary

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Gomułka, Władysław

1905- 1982

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Jaruzelski, W. (Wojciech)

1923- 2014

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

September 1980 crisis in Poland

1980-81 Polish Crisis

Photograph of Gorbachev-Bush summit at Malta, 1989

End of the Cold War

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatyevich

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Head of a toppled Stalin statue in Budapest, 1956

1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises

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February 29, 1980	Report on the Meeting of the Foreign Secretaries of the Socialist Countries in Moscow, 26 February 1980 This document explains the views of the cooperating Socialist countries relating to Afghanistan. The USSR perceived the US attempt to line up NATO support against the Soviets as an aggressive action, designed to counter Soviet influence. The Soviets, by contrast, viewed their involvement in Afghanistan as increasing their sphere of influence around the Warsaw-pact countries, making such actions defense, rather than offensive. The USSR's leadership states that it should increase its ties to NATO countries to counteract the foreign policy of the US.
November 20, 1964	Stenographic Protocol of the II Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (excerpts) Gomulka addresses the justification for Khrushchev's removal and describes some of the recent foreign policy problems experienced as a result of Khrushchev's actions.
November 1, 1956	Bulgarian Military Intelligence Information on the Situation in Hungary and Poland This intelligence report discusses the domestic political developments in Poland after the ascent of Wladyslaw Gomulka to the top of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).The events surrounding the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 are also mentioned.
December 11, 1980	Transcript of the CPSU Politburo Session, 11 December 1980 The Politburo approves the results of a meeting of Warsaw Pact officials. Kania offers assurances that PZPR will be able to control the Polish crisis on its own.
April 16, 1981	Session of the CPSU CC Politburo, 16 April 1981 (excerpt) Brezhnev tells of his conversation with Kania. He gives his opinion on how the Soviets should proceed with regard to Poland after a meeting of the Sejm. The Politburo agrees with Brezhnev's decision to inform the leaders of the Warsaw Pact of the developments in Poland.
July 27, 1968	Directive of the Ministry of Defense for Exercise ‘OVERCAST SUMMER-68’ Directive describes how the military exercise Overcast Summer-68 ["Pochmurne Lato"] will transpire on August 1 on the border of Poland and Czechoslovakia from 28 July to 5 August 1968 and states the logistics of the exercise. Information includes what groups will be used, their commanding generals, equipment, and first aid materials. The document also details how communications between all parties involved will function, as well as signal words and numbers that are to be used under various situations. Directive is signed by Minister of Defense and General of Divisions, Wojciech Jaruzelski.
September 3, 1980	CPSU CC Politburo Report "On Theses for the discussion with representatives of the Polish leadership" Cable to the Polish leadership regarding the position of the Soviet leadership in regard to the agreements reached earlier in 1980 between the Polish Government and the Inter-Factory Strike Committee. The Soviet leadership expresses its concerns with the consequences of the agreements on the role of the Party in Polish society.
January 20, 1965	Minutes of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Pact Member States, Warsaw (Excerpts) Minutes of discussions of the Warsaw Pact Political Consultative Committee concerning non-proliferation. The Romanian delegation argues against a joint declaration of the Warsaw Pact on non-proliferation for fear that it might be used against China. The other delegations argue that a joint declaration is necessary in order to prevent the creation of the Multilaterall Nuclear Force proposed by NATO.
October 8, 1963	Letter from Gomulka to Khrushchev, Marked 'Final Version' Letter from Gomulka to Khrushchev discussing Polish opposition to Soviet proposal for a Non-Proliferation Treaty. Gomulka suggests that the treaty will further split the communist camp. While discussing the state of Sino-Soviet relations, the Polish leader suggests that the Soviet Union and the PRC adopt a common position in matters of foreign policy in order to strengthen the power of the Socialist camp.
January 18, 1965	Memorandum of Discussions between Romanian Worker’s Party leadership and Polish United Worker’s Party leadership The talks focus on several issues: namely the Multinational Nuclear Forces, Warsaw Pact relations with Albania, and the People's Republic of China. Gomulka and Dej also discuss the idea of convening a conference of Communist and Worker’s parties.