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Nuclear Proliferation

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North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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South Asia

Pakistan

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

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Western Europe

France

Indian Nuclear History

Pakistani Nuclear History

"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

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United States. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research

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Hughes, Thomas Lowe

1925-

A photo of Henry Kissinger from 1975

Kissinger, Henry

1923-

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Hungary. Embassy (India)

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United States. Department of State

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Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

South African Nuclear History

Soviet Nuclear History

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Documents

June 3, 1993	Treaty on the Guarantees of the National Security of Ukraine in connection to its Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1968 (Draft) Draft of a legally binding agreement for national security guarantees to be signed in conjunction with Ukraine's signing of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
June 3, 1993	Letter from Foreign Minister A. Zlenko to President L. Kravchuk on Draft Treaty on Security Guarantees The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sends a draft of a legally binding agreement between Ukraine and the five permanent UN Security Council members to be signed in conjunction with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
December 11, 1992	Memorandum of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine In light of the Verkhovna Radas' analysis on Ukrainian accession to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs clarifies its position on nuclear weapons and assures its allies that it is working towards disarmament.
December 10, 1992	Draft Joint US-Russia Statement Regarding Security Guarantees/Assurances for Ukraine Joint statement by the United States and Russia giving security assurances in recognition of Ukraine's steps toward denuclearization.
November 18, 1992	Report of Ukrainian Foreign Minister A. Zlenko to President Kravchuk Letter about negotiations with US Ambassador to Ukraine R. Popadiuk regarding security guarantees for Ukraine
June 23, 1992	Letter from US President G. H. W. Bush to Ukrainian President L. Kravchuk Bush addresses Ukraine’s security concerns following its commitment on May 24 in Lisbon to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a nonnuclear state.
October 15, 1975	Memorandum of Conversation, 'Visit of Secretary of State and Mrs. Kissinger to Canada; Luncheon at 24 Sussex Drive' This memo contains a transcription of the conversation that took place when Secretary Kissinger and his wife visited Canada and had lunch with Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau, along with many other officials.
October 15, 1975	Briefing Paper, 'Nuclear Suppliers Conference,' Secretary's Trip to Ottawa This document describes Canada's position on safeguards as well as the United State's position and how the U.S. will respond to Canada. The Canadians strongly supported the former, “full scope safeguards," and although Washington had included the substance of full-scope safeguards in the original five-point paper but Kissinger would not go against the French and risk the hard-won understanding that had brought them into the group.
October 10, 1975	George Vest to Mr. Sonnenfeldt, 'British Comprehensive Safeguards Initiative re Suppliers Conference' This document describes the differing views regarding safeguards. The Canadians strongly supported the former, “full scope safeguards” (their terminology, which caught on), which the French saw as “tantamount to imposing NPT obligations”--a reference to the Treaty’s Article III--which they would not accept. Arguing that full-scope safeguards was “alien to [their] philosophy,” the French suggested that a “traditional interpretation of the contamination principle (i.e., requiring safeguards on any materials produced in exported facilities),” would make it possible to achieve “the practical equivalent” of the Canadian proposal.
September 15, 1975	U.S. Embassy London telegram 14177 to State Department, 'French-U.S. Consultations on Nuclear Suppliers Meeting' Telegram illuminates the U.S. –French dialogue over safeguards and other provisions in the nuclear suppliers’ guidance. Arguing that full-scope safeguards was “alien to [their] philosophy,” the French suggested that a “traditional interpretation of the contamination principle (i.e., requiring safeguards on any materials produced in exported facilities),” would make it possible to achieve “the practical equivalent” of the Canadian proposal.