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Sino-American Confrontation, 1949-1971

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Presidential Office Building of Taiwan

East Asia

Taiwan

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Conversations with Mao Zedong

Taiwan Strait Crises

Representatives from Taiwan at the United Nations, September 1971

Taiwan's International Status

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang, Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

1887- 1975

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Western Europe

Great Britain

PRC Vice Premier Chen Yi

Chen, Yi

1901- 1972

Official Chinese Communist Party portrait of Liu Shaoqi.

Liu, Shaoqi

1898- 1969

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Yudin, Pavel F.

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September 8, 1958	Speech, Mao Zedong at the Fifteenth Meeting of the Supreme State Council (excerpt) Mao speaks about the strategy behind the bombardment of nationalist-controlled Jinmen Island in the Taiwan Strait, stating that Taiwan is a "is a steel noose and it ties America’s neck."
September 5, 1958	Speech, Mao Zedong at the Fifteenth Meeting of the Supreme State Council (excerpt) Mao Zedong speaks about American foreign policy and the tense international situation following the Chinese decision to begin shelling Jinmen Island in the Taiwan Strait.
November 29, 1958	Memorandum of Conversation of the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chen Yi, at Dinner in the Soviet Embassy in Honor of the Ambassadors of the Socialist Countries in China, 8 November 1958 The Chinese Minister of Foreign affairs, Chen Yi, proclaims that the PRC and Chinese communist party are organizing the completion of the “great leap” of economic construction in China, thanks to the aid of the USSR and other socialist countries. He notes that the USA is not as strong as it seems, the relationship between the PRC and the USSR is growing stronger, and visits to China by ambassadors of the socialist countries are highly encouraged.
October 2, 1958	Memorandum of Conversation of Mao Zedong with Six Delegates of the Socialist Countries, China, 2 October 1958 To the other delegates, Mao discusses their shared goal of defeating imperialism, primarily through peaceful methods. He stresses widespread Marxist reeducation of the Chinese people and increased Chinese industrial and agricultural production as means for improvement. Mao also reminds them that socialist nations must be firmly united under the leadership of the Soviet Union to fight colonialism and imperialism, and while the communes are necessary to organize locally, the party remains the core administrative unite of communized peoples.
February 6, 1958	Abstract of Conversation: Premier Zhou and Ambassador Nehru Indian Ambassador to China Nehru and Premier Zhou discuss Sino-British relations, focusing on Britain's position on Chinese representation at the United Nations. According to the Premier, Britain is acceding to American demands and allowing the United States to create 'two Chinas.'
June 13, 1957	Cable from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Premier Zhou’s Conversation with Ambassador Nehru' Premier Zhou Enlai and Indian Ambassador Ratan Kumar Nehru exchanged views on Taiwan Incident and situation in West Asia.
March 5, 1964	Note number 150, 'Visit of M. Ho Ying' Henri de Bourdeille reports on his meeting with the Chinese Ambassador following the establishment of relations between France and China.
September 30, 1969	Letter no. 428 from Franco Maria Malfatti to Aldo Moro Malfatti reports his observations of the Chinese ambassador, who displayed a strong position against the Soviet Union and Taiwan.
November 20, 1968	Telegram Number 2206/09, 'NATO Ministerial Council' French diplomat Lucien Paye assesses Chinese foreign policy in the aftermath of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and speculates that China wishes to exploit differences within the NATO camp.
October 29, 1968	Telegram Number 5186/92, 'Chinese Foreign Policy' Relying on British assessments of the situation in China, the French Ambassador in London reports that Chinese foreign policy is the outcome of debates between anti-Soviets and anti-Americans within the CCP.