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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

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Eastern Europe

Hungary

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Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

Warsaw Pact

Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

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Prague Spring, 1968

Sino-Soviet Relations

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Jaruzelski, W. (Wojciech)

1923- 2014

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Zhivkov, Todor

1911- 1998

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatyevich

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Documents

September 23, 1968	Tables on the trade of Romania for the 1966-1968 period; on trade relation agreements between Romania and socialist countries for the 1966-1970 period; and on projections for trade relations with socialist countries for the 1969-1970 period. Tables on the evolution of trade of Romania for the 1966-1968 period compared with long-term agreements; on trade relation agreements between Romania and socialist countries for the 1966-1970 period as compared with agreements for the 1961-1965 period; on projections for trade relations with socialist countries for the 1969-1970 period. The tables give the data in million rubles for Romanian trade with all socialist countries.
October 24, 1956	Account of a Meeting at the CPSU CC, on the Situation in Poland and Hungary The CPSU CC Politburo meets to discuss the burgeoning crises in Poland and Hungary. Also participating was the leader of Czechoslovakia, Antonin Novotny. Khrushchev described for the Soviet leadership his discussions with Gomulka on the Polish situation. Khrushchev urges patience in dealing with Poland. On the situation in Hungary, Khrushchev tells the Soviet leaders that actions were taken at the request of the Hungarian leadership.
May 12, 1960	Top Secret Bulgarian Politburo Resolution on Arms Delivery to Africa and Asia This document includes a memorandum from the Chairman of the State Planning Commission who recommends exporting excess military production to countries in Africa and Asia. In an attached table the production capacities of the Bulgarian military-industrial complex are shown.
1966	Note on Certain Characteristics of Western Trade Developments for 1966 (undated) Report on the main aspects of international trade for the year 1966. The report covers issues such as developing countries’ growth in exports, the trade balances of various Western countries, East-West trade, and trends for 1967.
October 1969	Polish-Soviet Talks in Moscow Excerpts from Polish-Soviet talks that focus on the China question. Brezhnev posits that the Chinese were the source of ideological divergence, and more specifically that their attitude has progressed to anti-Sovietism and anti-communism. Included is a report from a meeting with Zhou Enlai, who in discussing Czechoslovakia said a "process of bourgeoisie transformation and corruption was taking place over there, which is normal for all of the socialist countries." He attributed the cultural revolution with cutting off the roots of corruption in China.
July 27, 1968	Directive of the Ministry of Defense for Exercise ‘OVERCAST SUMMER-68’ Directive describes how the military exercise Overcast Summer-68 ["Pochmurne Lato"] will transpire on August 1 on the border of Poland and Czechoslovakia from 28 July to 5 August 1968 and states the logistics of the exercise. Information includes what groups will be used, their commanding generals, equipment, and first aid materials. The document also details how communications between all parties involved will function, as well as signal words and numbers that are to be used under various situations. Directive is signed by Minister of Defense and General of Divisions, Wojciech Jaruzelski.
December 3, 1980	Report of the Chief of the General Staff of the Czechoslovak Army, Colonel General Miroslav Blahník, to Minister of National Defense Army General Martin Dzúr Report of the Chief of the General Staff of the Czechoslovak Army, Colonel General Miroslav Blahník, to Minister of National Defense Army General Martin Dzúr regarding troop exercises
January 20, 1965	Minutes of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Pact Member States, Warsaw (Excerpts) Minutes of discussions of the Warsaw Pact Political Consultative Committee concerning non-proliferation. The Romanian delegation argues against a joint declaration of the Warsaw Pact on non-proliferation for fear that it might be used against China. The other delegations argue that a joint declaration is necessary in order to prevent the creation of the Multilaterall Nuclear Force proposed by NATO.
August 30, 1960	Note about a Conversation in the Soviet Embassy with Comrade Puzanov The ambassadors of the Soviet Union and East Germany in North Korea discuss Kim Il Sung's visits to China and the Soviet Union, the personality cult in North Korea, the economic situation in North Korea, and North Korea's policy towards South Korea.
April 15, 1977	Informational Note on the Meeting of the Representatives of International Departments of Six Fraternal Parties The CPSU, PUWP, SED, CPCz, HWSP, and BCP met to discuss an upcoming conference devoted to the discussion of the “Problems of Peace and Socialism.” China was another focus of the meeting, particularly the implications of the expansion of its industrial-military complex.