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Pakistani Nuclear History

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

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Nuclear Proliferation

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Afghanistan

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United States. Department of State

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Bandung Conference 1955

Bandung Conference, 1955

Indian Nuclear History

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

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Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad

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China and South Asia

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China. Foreign Ministry

1949-

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

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United States. Embassy (Pakistan)

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Deng Xiaoping, 1979.

Deng, Xiaoping

1904- 1997

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December 18, 1986	Regarding the Results of the Visit of Mikhail Gorbachev to India This document reports on the visit by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to India in 1986. The report recounts an ever-deepening relationship between India and the Soviet Union. One of the main reasons for the Indian position is the strong support for Pakistan by the US, the delivery of modern weaponry to this country together with concerns that Pakistan will soon develop nuclear weapons. Gandhi also accuses Pakistan of training Sikh terrorists on its territory. The Soviet side intends to further intensify its relations with India and to upgrade them by treating India as a full-fledged world power. The aim is to establish a long-term special relationship with India based on common principles in the foreign arena and close collaboration in all other fields.
October 20, 1954	Minutes of the Second Meeting between Premier Zhou Enlai and Nehru Zhou and Nehru continue to discuss the regional situations in Asia and Africa and the overarching foreign policy views of China and India.
February 25, 1964	Record of Conversation between Chen Yi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Chen Yi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto conversation, focusing mainly on the Soviet Union's current foreign policy regarding India. Both Chen Yi and Bhutto criticize the Soviet Union's support for India. Bhutto complains that China and Pakistan are the "only countries that expose India" for their behavior. Both agree that Pakistan and China must work hard together to prevent India -- with its support from the US and Soviet Union -- from strengthening its influence over the Security Council, UN and Afro-Asian politics.
November 18, 1963	Record of Conversation between Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, and Head of Pakistan’s Delegation Participating in the PRC’s National Day Celebration, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani Conversation between Zhou Enlai and Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, representing Pakistan. The two discuss, at length, their criticisms of United States imperialism, pointing to, among other things, Algeria and French Indochina as examples of imperialism's impending fall. Zhou then explains to Bhashani the importance of holding an Afro Asian Conference before the upcoming Non-Aligned Conference, which Zhou views as an attempt by Nehru and Tito to "destroy the Afro-Asian Conference." Conversation concludes by discussing the Kashmir conflict.
August 12, 1963	Record of Conversation between Premier Zhou Enlai, Vice Premier Chen Yi, and Pakistani Ambassador Raza Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, and Ambassador Raza coordinate China and Pakistan's strategies toward the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. They also discuss Sino-American relations.
February 7, 1979	General Meeting of Prime Minister and Vice Premier Deng (Summary Record) Deng and Ohira discuss China and Japan's relations with Pakistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the U.S.
July 2, 1987	Record of Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Prime Minister R. Gandhi Gorbachev and Rajiv Gandhi meet to discuss various issues. Begin by noting the effect of Western radio propaganda within both India and Soviet Union. Gorbachev notes the "voices" of Western radio stations broadcasting in the Soviet Union, aiming to undermine perestroika. After touching on economic initiatives in India, Gandhi singles out, among problems in India, the "weakening of public morals." Blames this problem on the "onslaught of the Western--and first and foremost, American-- mass media." Both sides criticize militarism at base of US foreign policy, and US emphasis on rolling back communism. Conversation concludes with analysis of Afghanistan situation; Gorbachev explains measure USSR is taking to solidify Afghan government, and Gandhi recommends caution when dealing with tribal factor in Afghanistan. Both sides speak on Pakistan's reaction to situation.
September 30, 1982	Information about the Visit of Indira Gandhi to the USSR Description of meeting between Indira Gandhi and Soviet representatives. Both sides give similarly critical assessments of Pakistan policy on subcontinent, which both describe as destabilizing to the region. Soviets devote special time to the "dangerous character of military-political partnership between the United States and China," and Indira Gandhi expresses concerns over China's "machinations" against India, and notes the increasing influence of China and America on India's neighboring countries. Gandhi says that Indian-Chinese relations have not improved, due partly to China's position on the India-China border issue.
September 5, 1972	Discussion Points from the Meeting with Zhou Enlai Discussion points from Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim's meeting with Zhou Enlai
March 1988	Memorandum on the Results of the Negotiations between Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard A. Shevardnadze with US President Ronald Reagan and US Secretary of State George. Shultz in Washington on 22-24 March Report that the US is continuing to hinder Geneva Accord negotiations between Afghanistan and Pakistan by "raising additional conditions that can only be considered an attempt to slow or even disrupt the solution of the Afghan problem."