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Southern Africa

South Africa

South African Nuclear History

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

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Central Africa

Angola

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Southern Africa

Namibia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Photograph of P.W. Botha

Botha, P. W. (Pieter Willem)

1916- 2006

Nuclear Proliferation

Photograph from the 1995 NPT Review Conference

The 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference

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Botha, R. F. (Roelof Frederik) ("Pik")

1932-

Cuba and Southern Africa

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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Vorster, B. J. (Balthazar Johannes)

1915- 1983

Margaret Thatcher in 1984

Thatcher, Margaret

1925- 2013

Israeli Nuclear History

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January 10, 1981	Pre-implementation Meeting, Mr. Ahtisaari Answers to Questions, Version 1 Answers to several questions, including the matters of returning refugees, demilitarization, and fair elections in Namibia.
October 19, 1978	Statement by South African Prime Minister P.W. Botha Regarding Talks with the Western Five (excerpts) Excerpts of a statement by P.W. Botha discussing South Africa's concern with the independence and security of its neighbors. Emphasizes South Africa's wish and ability to provide Namibia with continued money and infrastructure and warns against the threat that a Marxist Namibia would pose to the free world.
September 29, 1978	UN Security Council Resolution 435 on Namibia UN Security Council Resolution reiterating its view of South Africa's presence in Namibia as illegal, and establishing a United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) to support the UN Special Representative and help ensure free and fair elections in Namibia. Voids all actions and elections taken by South Africa's administration in Namibia.
July 27, 1978	UN Security Council Resolution 432 on Walvis Bay and Namibia Resolution of the UN Security Council, supporting reintegration of Walvis Bay into Namibia's territory.
June 18, 1977	SWAPO Press Statement, Delivered by D.T. Tjongarero at an Impromptu Press Conference in Windhoek Press statement by SWAPO accusing the West of stalling the UN resolution for Namibian independence, and of working with South Africa to exploit Namibia. Questions whether some aspects of the resolution have been ignored or discussed without consultation of Namibia.
January 30, 1976	Resolution 385 of the United Nations Security Council on Namibia UN Security Council resolution condemning South Africa's occupation of and presence in Namibia, and demanding, among other things, that South Africa end apartheid in Namibia and release its Namibian political prisoners.
2003	Vladimir Kazimirov, 'My MGIMO [Moscow State Institute of International Relations]' (excerpts) Russian diplomat Vladimir Kazimirov recalls events surrounding and following the establishment of peace in Angola in 1988 and the lead up to establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and the Republic of South Africa.
2004	Peter Gusev, 'Search for Your Destiny' (excerpts) The recollection of a Soviet General who was stationed in Angola during the 1987-88 operation against UNITA around Cuito-Cuanavale. Offers his perspective on the operation, including Cuban involvement, experiencing South African artillery bombardment, and his impression of Angolan fears of white South Africans.
1989	Defense Intelligence Agency Briefing, 'The 1987-88 Combat in Southern Angola: Lessons Learned' Analysis of the military campaign waged in Southern Angola in 1987-88 as well as the lessons learned from this exchange. Document indicates that FAPLA failed to learn from its mistakes, while UNITA adapted much more effectively to the combat environment it faced in Angola. Although FAPLA managed to hold on to Cuito Cuanavale, its large losses led to a Cuban build-up in Southern Angola, which challenged the existing military balance in the region. This provided new impetus to peace negotiations and resulted in the December 1988 Accords among South Africa, Angola and Cuba.
April 1984	Defense Intelligence Agency Report, 'Soviet Military and Other Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa' An overview of Soviet political, economic and military involvement in Africa. The document asserts that although Moscow continues its policy of taking an active and aggressive role in the affairs of Sub-Saharan Africa, much of the momentum it initially possessed has been lost. Moscow now finds itself holding onto the influence it maintains most notably in Mozambique, Angola and Ethiopia.