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Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

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Prague Spring, 1968

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Shelest, P. IU. (Petro IUkhymovych)

1908- 1996

Ukrainian Motherland Monument, Kyiv

Eastern Europe

Ukraine

Warsaw Pact

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Warsaw Pact Military Planning

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

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Eastern Europe

Romania

Sino-Soviet Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

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Sawczuk, Wlodzimierz

-

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Il’nyts’kyi, Yu. V.

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Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

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November 15, 1968	Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 15 November 1968 The Hungarian Embassy provides a brief on a visit by the Japanese Communist Party to North Korea.
October 10, 1969	Telegram Number 1930-33, 'China and the European Socialist Countries' Etienne Manac’h reports that although China may soon re-appoint ambassadors to Eastern Europe, officials from Poland and Czechoslovakia are skeptical of China's policies toward their countries.
May 16, 1969	Note Number 399 from Pierre Cerles to Michel Debré, 'China and Eastern Europe' Pierre Cerles provides an assessment of Chinese foreign policy toward Eastern Europe during the 1960s within the context of the Sino-Soviet split, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Cultural Revolution, and China's own internal leadership divisions.
November 20, 1968	Telegram Number 2206/09, 'NATO Ministerial Council' French diplomat Lucien Paye assesses Chinese foreign policy in the aftermath of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and speculates that China wishes to exploit differences within the NATO camp.
September 3, 1968	Note Number 291 from the Department of Asia-Oceania, 'China and the Events in Czechoslovakia' The Department of Asia-Oceania analyzes shifts in Chinese foreign policy toward Eastern Europe following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and connects the apparent changes in Beijing's diplomacy to the Sino-Soviet split and the Vietnam War.
July 25, 1989	Report of the President of Hungary Rezso Nyers and General Secretary Karoly Grosz on Talks with Gorbachev in Moscow (excerpts) President of People’s Republic of Hungary, Rezso Nyers, and General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, Karoly Grosz, report on their talks with Gorbachev in Moscow, 24-25 July, 1989. The excerpts contains economic reformer Nyers’ assessment of the political situation in Hungary, and first among the factors that "can defeat the party," he lists "the past, if we let ourselves [be] smeared with it." The memory of the revolution of 1956 and its bloody repression by the Soviets was Banquo’s ghost, destroying the legitimacy of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, just as 1968 in Prague and 1981’s martial law in Poland and all the other Communist "blank spots" of history came back in 1989 to crumble Communist ideology. For their part, the Communist reformers (including Gorbachev) did not quite know how to respond as events accelerated in 1989, except not to repeat 1956.
March 24, 1989	Conversation between M.S. Gorbachev and Karoly Grosz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, March 23-24, 1989 These conversations reveal Gorbachev’s contradictions, as the Soviet leader proclaims again that the Brezhnev doctrine is dead and military interventions should be "precluded in the future, yet at the same time, tries to set "boundaries" for the changes in Eastern Europe as "the safekeeping of socialism and assurance of stability."
November 5, 1968	Report Relayed by Andropov to the CPSU Central Committee, 'Students and the Events in Czechoslovakia' KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov presents a secret, 33-page report to the CPSU Central Committee about the mood of Soviet college students. The report had been completed sometime before the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and had been circulating within the KGB. It is not clear precisely who drafted the report, but Andropov’s cover memorandum and the report itself indicate that the author was a college student in Odessa who had recently finished his degree.
August 22, 1968	Prague Embassy Urges Caution on Radio Free Europe and Voice of America In Prague Embassy Dispatch No. 3079, Ambassador Jacob Beam urges the US Radios to provide factual reporting and neither encourage nor discourage Czechoslovak youth opposed to the invasion
August 22, 1968	CIA-State Consultations on Czechoslovak Crisis Consulted by Cord Meyer, Deputy Undersecretary of State Charles Bohlen approves RFE’s cautious approach to covering the Soviet invasion and also agrees to use of RL transmitters to reach Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia