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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

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East Asia

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North America

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Sino-Soviet Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

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Mao, Zedong

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Poland

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1950-1959

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

Kim Il Sung, 1978

Kim, Il Sung

1912- 1994

Photograph of 38th parallel crossing during Korean War

Korean War, 1950-1953

Jan Nowak-Jeziorański broadcasting for Radio Free Europe, 3 May 1952

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

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January 3, 1962	Information on the Attitude of the Korean Workers’ Party to Some Decisions of the 22nd CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] Congress Dimo Dichev, Head of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party's Foreign Policy and International Relations Department, reports on North Korea's responses to the 22nd Congress of the Soviet Union.
October 21, 1988	Report on North Korea's International Situation under the New Realities in the World Report on North Korea's international standing, economic situation, and political relations with Soviet Russia in comparison to South Korea, following the 1988 Seoul Olympics.
1977	Memorandum by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Disarmament' This note my the Italian Foreign Ministry discusses the growing tensions caused by the ongoing arms race and introduces different disarmament strategies suggested by the Soviet Union, Denmark, and the Warsaw Pact.
December 18, 1961	Report by Permanent Representative to NATO to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Recent ministerial session of the Atlantic Council' Report on the growing threat of a Soviet blockade of Berlin, the focal point also of a meeting of the Atlantic Council in Paris in December, 1961.
1963	Report, 'Point 2. NATO situation' Discussion of the relative roles of the United States, Great Britain, Germany and France in NATO and a proposal to revise the role of NATO as the threat of a Soviet attack increases.
December 4, 1962	Report by Permanent Representative to NATO Alessandrini to Minister of Defense Andreotti Italy's permanent representative to NATO Alessandrini writes to PM Andreotti in preparation for the upcoming Paris summit. He shares general remarks about the state of the alliance and current issues in international relations focusing on the German question, Cuba, and Sino-Soviet relations.
May 19, 1962	Memorandum by Chief of Defense Staff Aldo Ross to Minister of Defense Andreotti Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of accepting the terms of nuclear warfare proposed at a NATO meeting in Athens. Whether or not to respond to a Soviet nuclear attack with an atomic weapon of equal strength was debated at the meeting, as well as the role that conventional weapons would play in such a conflict.
September 20, 1962	Report by Permanent Representative to NATO Alessandrini, 'Emergency plans for Berlin' Report on NATO’s emergency plan to protect Berlin if the Soviets try to blockade the city. The plan consists of three parts: diplomatic negotiations, limited military action, and large-scale military action. Alessandrini outlines the conditions in which each phase would be implemented if Berlin finds itself under Soviet attack.
October 17, 1961	Report by Chief of Defense Staff Aldo Rossi, 'The military situation of the armed forces of the Soviet bloc and of its alleged allies and those of NATO countries and their allies' A report on the discussions which occurred at a meeting of the Atlantic Council, during which the relative military powers of the Soviet Block and Western Block were compared. The different positions and threats posed to various NATO nations were also discussed. Finally, the report laid out plans for nuclear, submarine, and aerial weapons development to ensure that the Soviet Block’s military power never exceeds that of the Western block.
April 27, 1961	Message by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate General for Political Affairs and Security (DGAP), 'NATO strategy. Conversation between our Ambassador in London and Lord Home' Letter recounting a meeting between the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and the British Foreign Secretary regarding NATO’s weapons development. Nuclear weapons should never be employed unless absolutely necessary and instead serve as an intimidation tactic to deter Soviet aggression. The necessity of increasing NATO’s arsenal of conventional weapons to match that of the Soviets was also stressed.