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Photograph of the Hands of Victory Monument in Baghdad.

Middle East

Iraq

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Saddam

1937- 2006

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Photograph of Azadi Tower

Middle East

Iran

Photograph of the Port of Jaffa in Israel.

Middle East

Israel

Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein's Iraq

Photograph of Sayyida Zainab bin Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Shrine.

Middle East

Syria

Emir Farid Chehab

Emir Farid Chehab Collection

Iranian soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War

Iran-Iraq War

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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The Osirak Air Raid

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Journalist informer

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Emir Farid Chehab

Chehab, Emir Farid

1908- 1985

Placeholder image for when a portrait image is not available

Pereszlenyi, Zoltan

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Nuclear Proliferation

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August 26, 1982	Memorandum, Information for the President, 'Trade Promotion. Brazil-Iraq. Economic-Commercial Relations' Memo to President Figueiredo highlighting the 1,000% increase in Brazil-Iraq bilateral trade between 1971 and 1980, but also points to a non-conducive environment for Brazilian companies in Iraq despite their heroic decision to remain there during the war, unlike other foreign companies. Attached to the document we find a draft of a letter from President Figueiredo to his “great and good friend” Saddam Hussein, in which he is seeking Hussein’s solidarity and understanding the necessity to resolve the issues on the bilateral economic agenda.
May 27, 1982	Memorandum, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro, Information for the President of Brazil, 'Protection to Brazilians. Mendes Junior Workers Detained by Iraqi Authorities' Memo to President Figueiredo dealing with the arrest and inadequate treatment applied to three employees of Mendes Jr., a Brazilian company operating in civil construction projects in Iraq, and efforts—mostly frustrated—by Brazilian diplomats to resolve the issue.
September 19, 1979	Memoraundum, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro, Information for the President, ''Nuclear Cooperation. Brazil-Iraq' In a memo to President Figueiredo, Minister Saraiva Guerreiro advises that Brazil should demonstrate receptivity to Iraq’s proposal but avoid a formal commitment, especially in “sensitive” areas that relate to the Germany-Brazil Agreement. Supply of uranium should be admitted as a possibility if mentioned by the Iraqis. The document emphasizes that the cooperation should be made public and become subject to all international safeguard agreements and regimes.
January 30, 1979	Aviso no. 025/79, Response from Minister Antonio Francisco Azeredo da Silveira and General Gustavo Rego Reis In separate replies regarding Iraq's overtures, both Foreign Minister Silveira and Secretary-General of the National Security Council Gustavo Rego Reis suggest that Brazil should not decline explicitly, but avoid making commitments on this issue. General Reis emphasizes Saddam Hussein’s “leftist inclinations” and his ties to the socialist camp and the extensiveness of the proposed agreement. He notes that Brazil had already rejected proposals by Uruguay, Chile and Libya. Silveira merely requested additional time to study the proposal.
January 17, 1979	Memorandum, Shigeaki Ueki, Brazilian Minister of Energy on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Iraq Minister of Mines and Energy, Shigeaki Ueki, reports to the Secretary-General of the National Security Council, General Gustavo Rego Reis, and to the Foreign Minister, Azeredo da Silveira, the requests made by Iraqi officials in 1978 and the stage of negotiations on the subject. He emphasizes the high value placed by Iraq on the matter and the increased relevance of Iraq as an oil-supplier and recommends that Brazil should satisfy Iraq’s demand.
July 7, 1976	Memorandum for the President, 'Commercial Relations of Brazil with Petroleum Producing Countries' This internal memo describes Brazil’s relations with oil producers as of 1976. It highlights the importance of Iraq as an oil supplier and the necessity of expanding exports to reduce the deficit in bilateral trade.
December 12, 1978	TELEGRAM 067.069 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Iraqi government agrees to grant the DPRK an interest-free loan worth $50 million.
June 10, 1981	Letter from Israeli General Rafael Eitan to South African Minister Magnus Malan on Israeli Airstrike on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor Chief of Staff of Israel Defense Forces, General Rafael Eitan writes to South African Minister of Defence Magnus Malan shortly after Israel’s 1981 strike on Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor. In this candid letter, Eitan states that Israel’s “iron determination” would not “allow these crazy Arabs to possess nuclear weapons," adding that "anyone who tries to say that the nuclear reactor in Iraq was only for research purposes is wicked, cynical and oil, not human blood, flows in his veins."
May 10, 1955	Report from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Comments on the Asian-African Conference from the Participating Countries After the Conference' Description of the reaction to the Asian-African Conference in both participating countries and capitalist ruled countries.
April 25, 1955	Cable from Zhou Enlai, 'Specific Refutations against the American Disruption of Influence of the Afro-Asian Conference' Zhou Enlai's instructions to Wen Tian on countering the "Soviet neocolonialism" and "various forms of colonialism" argument from pro-American countries.