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Afghanistan

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931- 2022

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Middle East

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

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Soviet Union. Communist Party. Central Committee (CPSU CC)

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The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Soviet Foreign Policy

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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich

1914- 1984

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909- 1989

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East Asia

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Mitrokhin Archive

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

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January 26, 1983	Excerpts from several reports about the situation in the PDPA compiled by the KGB An assessment of the military-political situation in Afghanistan. Intra-party disagreements posed a threat to the stability of the government, and its long-term viability.
May 10, 1981	Report of Military Leaders to D. F. Ustinov This document reveals reluctance on the part of the Soviets to maintain military involvement in Afghanistan, and difficulty in shaping a newly forming Afghan government. The PDPA's efforts to establish a democratic government, Soviets analysts revealed, were hampered by tribalism and strong ethnic disagreements regarding the scope and shape of their government.
March 18, 1979	Telephone Conversation between Soviet Premier Alexei N. Kosygin and Afghan Premier Nur Mohammed Taraki This conversation reveals the difficulty that the Afghan political leadership faced in establishing a government--despite substantial military aid and advice from the Soviet Union.
March 28, 1979	Soviet Communication to the Hungarian Leadership on the Situation in Afghanistan This document discusses the strained political situation in Afghanistan in terms of counter-revolutionaries attempting to overthrow the government. Such revolutions in part came from reactionary Muslim regions, some of which are replete with Shiites who may have been influence by the Chinese government.
June 4, 1981	Transcript of CPSU CC Politburo Meeting (excerpt), 4 June 1981 The Politburo discusses the internal economic situation within the Soviet Union, the situation in Afghanistan (in particular the group "Parcham" and Karmal), relations with the US, and the treatment of Jews in the USSR.
1999	Dossiers of Alliance-7 Rebel Leaders Background information on political leaders in Afghanistan who fought against Soviet occupation.
December 29, 1979	CPSU CC Memo with Excerpt from Protocol #177/220, 29 December 1979 This memo includes the response of Brezhnev to President Carter's address concerning Afghanistan and US-Soviet relations.