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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Eastern Europe

Romania

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Photo of Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Maurer, Ion Gheorghe

1902- 2000

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

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Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Deng Xiaoping, 1979.

Deng, Xiaoping

1904- 1997

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Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe

-

Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Warsaw Pact

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July 1964	Conversations Between Delegations of the Romanian Workers Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow, July 1964 (excerpts) Delegates from Romania discuss the strained Soviet-Romanian relationship with Soviet officials. Issues raised include the organizational structure of the Warsaw Pact’s military forces, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or Comecon), and the existence of Soviet spies and espionage networks in Romania, the Soviet insistence that all Communist countries should support their proposals in international bodies and vote as a block, and other unilateral Soviet decisions such as placing missiles in Cuba in 1962.
June 5, 1964	Conversations between Romanian Leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Chinese Ambassador Liu Fang, Referring to Bilateral Relations and the Soviet-Chinese Ideological Conflict Snagov, 5 June 1964 (excerpts) In excerpts from their conversation, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, First Secretary of the Romanian Workers Party and Liu Fang, Chinese Ambassador to Romania, discuss the increasing tension between both their countries and the Soviet Union. Gheorghiu-Dej also explains his objections to the attempted admission of Mongolia to the Warsaw Pact. Romanian military leader Emil Bodnăraş is also present.
March 15, 1964	Conversations between the Delegation of the Romanian Workers Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Pitzunda, 15 March 1964 (excerpts) Khrushchev and Mikoyan discuss the Cuban Missile Crisis in this excerpt from a conversation with a Romanian delegation in Pitzunda, Georgia (now Abkhazia). They discuss the Sino-Soviet Split, and Khrushchev complains that "the Chinese qualified us as adventurers, while on other issues they call us cowards," and explains his reasoning for defending Cuba.
March 3, 1964	Conversations between Delegations of the Romanian Workers Party and the Chinese Communist Party in Beijing, 3-10 March 1964 (excerpts) Ion Gheorghe Maurer and Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania meet with Liu Shaoq, Deng Xiaoping, and other Chinese Communist officials. The Romanians discuss the Sino-Soviet Split, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, and the organizing structure of the Warsaw Pact. Maurer expresses frustration with the Soviet Union, referencing the Cuban Missile Crisis and similar "circumstances in which decisions were taken unilaterally, expressing only the Soviet point of view."
2008	Interview with Former Romanian Foreign Minister, Corneliu Mănescu, Regarding the Romanian Delegation’s Over-Flight of China and Visit to Moscow During the Cuban Missile Crisis (excerpts) Former Romanian Foreign Minister Corneliu Manescu discusses an incident involving the flight of a Romanian delegation over Chinese territory just prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Manescu reports that at the time, Romanian leader Gheorghiu-Dej interpreted miscommunication regarding their flightplan as a Soviet attempt on his life. He also discusses the Romanian response to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
December 18, 1978	TELEGRAM 067.056 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang presents evidence which suggests that relations between North Korea and the Soviet Union have cooled.
November 1, 1978	TELEGRAM 1/010020 from the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports on recent changes in trilateral relations between North Korea, the Soviet Union, and China.
August 1, 1978	TELEGRAM 066.808 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang reports that, for a second time in 1978, the DPRK has published excerpts critical of the USSR from the Chinese press.
May 27, 1978	TELEGRAM 066.705 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The USSR complains that the May 13th issue of Nodong Sinmun contains a Chinese protest note regarding recent incidents on the Sino-Soviet border.
February 2, 1978	TELEGRAM 066.566 from the Romanian Embassy in Pyongyang to the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Though China is offering constant support for the DPRK government's position on the reunification issue, North Korea also seeks to improve relations with the Soviet Union.