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Western Europe

Great Britain

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Southern Africa

South Africa

South African Nuclear History

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin, Joseph

1879- 1953

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Churchill, Winston

1874- 1965

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

A photo of Joseph Stalin from 1943

Stalin and the Cold War

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Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon

1897- 1977

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Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich

1890- 1986

Truman with Attlee and Stalin at Potsdam

Cold War Origins

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

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Sherfield, Roger Mellor Makins, Baron

1904-

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Eastern Europe

Poland

Indian Nuclear History

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

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September 22, 1977	Letter from H.M.S. Reid to Mr. Mallaby, 'South African Nuclear Intentions: the Kalahari Facility' In response to Mallaby's letter, Reid dismisses the American explanation for the South African Kalahari nuclear testing facility. He believes that the South Africans "feel increasingly threatened and foresee a possible need to use nuclear weapons in their own defence if it should come to that."
September 1977	Draft Letter to B. Cardledge on Conversation with US Deputy Undersecretary of State Joseph Nye on South African Nuclear Intentions Nye stated that at present the United States preferred to "concentrate on pressing South Africa to adhere to the NPT rather than continuing to enquire about the nature of the Kalahari facility." The State Department assessment was that while South Africa was capable of building a bomb at short notice, they did not actually plan to test one at this time.
September 21, 1977	Letter from C.L.G. Mallaby of the UK Arms Control and Disarmament Department to H.M.S. Reid, 'South African Nuclear Intentions: the Kalahari Facility' Mallaby reports on a conversation at the Nuclear Suppliers Meeting with the US Deputy Under-Secretary for Security Assistance, Nye, on whether the US would raise the issue of South Africa's Kalahari nuclear testing facility. The US assumption was that the South Africans intended to "be on the brink of having a nuclear weapons capability" in order to "moderate Western diplomatic pressure on her about racial and other issues."
September 8, 1977	Letter from J.S. Wall to Bryan Cartledge, 'South African Nuclear Intentions' J.S. Wall of the UK Foreign and Commonweath Office reports on a conversation with David Aaron of the US National Security Council on concerns about South Africa's possible nuclear testing facility in the Kalahari desert.
June 22, 1953	Minute from Selwyn Lloyd to Winston Churchill, Reflecting British Perspectives on the Berlin Uprising Lloyd emphasizes Germany’s large role in the unification of Europe, and the importance of maintaining the sympathies of the West German population. He provides suggestions for how to proceed in Germany, and requests Churchill’s views on the matter.