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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Eastern Europe

Romania

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Photo of Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Maurer, Ion Gheorghe

1902- 2000

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

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Poland. Embassy (Romania)

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Chinese revolutionary ballet

China's Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894- 1971

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Potapov, V. I.

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Interkit, 1966-1987

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2008	Interview with Former Romanian Foreign Minister, Corneliu Mănescu, Regarding the Romanian Delegation’s Over-Flight of China and Visit to Moscow During the Cuban Missile Crisis (excerpts) Former Romanian Foreign Minister Corneliu Manescu discusses an incident involving the flight of a Romanian delegation over Chinese territory just prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Manescu reports that at the time, Romanian leader Gheorghiu-Dej interpreted miscommunication regarding their flightplan as a Soviet attempt on his life. He also discusses the Romanian response to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
May 16, 1969	Note Number 399 from Pierre Cerles to Michel Debré, 'China and Eastern Europe' Pierre Cerles provides an assessment of Chinese foreign policy toward Eastern Europe during the 1960s within the context of the Sino-Soviet split, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Cultural Revolution, and China's own internal leadership divisions.
December 3, 1979	Section for Relations with Foreign Countries of the Moldavian Communist Party Central Committee, to MCP Central Committee, 'Information On the Activity of the Radio-Interception Group of the State Committee for Television and Radio of Moldavia' List of questions and topics for the Moldavian State Committee for Television and Radio to focus on collecting. The MCP was concerned about tracking anti-Soviet and anti-Moldavian propaganda which originated in Romania.
March 10, 1980	Evaluation of Chinese Policies toward Eastern Europe by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union This document addresses China's alleged bid to undermine the unity of the Socialist countries while maintaining special relations with Romania, Yugoslavia, and North Korea. Chinese foreign policy is seen as interfering in the domestic affairs of the Socialist states. By maintaining contacts with Western countries and by encouraging further armament of NATO, China is undermining the position of the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet evaluation assesses China as an unreliable partner in international relations and advises that all contacts of the Chinese government with foreign organizations or authorities be closely monitored.
September 1, 1971	GDR Embassy in Bucharest, 'Evaluation on the Visit of the Chinese Military Delegation in the RSR from August 22 to August 31, 1971’ This document describes the visit of a Chinese military delegation to Romania. According to the East German view, this visit is evidence of Chinese efforts to exert influence in the Balkans. China is said to support the nationalist position of the Romanian Communist Party and to encourage it to continue its politics. The evaluation submitted by the East German embassy concludes that Romania wishes to maintain an equilibrium in simultaneously sustaining relations with China and the Soviet Union.
August 2, 1971	Record of the Meeting Between Leonid Brezhnev and East European Party Leaders in the Crimea (Including Discussion on China) This record of the Crimean meeting between General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Soviet Communist Party and East European party leaders addresses Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Also discussed is China's anti-Soviet attitude. Brezhnev mentions the negative reactions of Korea and Vietnam to US President Richard Nixon's planned visit to China. The participants at the meeting are in favor of intensifying relations with Japan. Further discussions focus on the possibility of China joining the UN. All participants at the meeting criticize Nicolae Ceauşescu's visit to China as damaging the interests of the Warsaw Pact. Romania is said to support China's politics towards Albania and Yugoslavia.
June 22, 1971	Report by the Third Secretary of the Bulgarian Embassy in Pyongyang, Zahary Ianakiev, to Bulgarian Ambassador Yancho Georgiev Concerning Ceauşescu's Visit to China Ianakiev gives an account of Ceauşescu's visit to China, mentioning China's agreement to lend Romania US$230 million and reporting that Ceauşescu's visit to Vietnam is to be postponed.
August 20, 1979	Information Regarding the Meeting and Conversation in the Crimea of L. I. Brezhnev with N. Ceausescu, on 1 August 1979 V.I Potapov informs on the discussion between Brezhnev and Ceausescu in Crimea in 1979. The Soviets are worried about the separate course followed by the RCP leadership with regards to domestic and international issues. Topics involve the Soviet criticism of the publications of the SRR regarding the Moldavian “territorial question”, the attitude of the Romanian leaders towards the Warsaw Treaty Organization, and towards the Chinese problem.
May 16, 1979	Conspect of Conversations with Cde. V. I. Potapov, Head of the Romania Sector of the CPSU CC Section V.I Potapov informs on foreign and domestic policies of the Romanian leadership, including the education of the population in a nationalist and anti-Russian spirit, publications describing Russo-Romanian and Soviet-Romanian relations regarding Moldova, the anti-Soviet course of the Romanian leadership abroad, including the pursuit of separate relations with China. Soviet representatives claim that Ceausescu is the principal animator of the RCP’s separate course, which he wishes to use to consolidate his power.
October 27, 1978	Conspect of Conversations with V. I. Potapov, Chief of Romanian Sector of CPSU CC Section V.I Potapov informs about a visit to Bucharest of the CPSU delegation led by A. A. Gromyko and the discussions regarding the “Bessarabian question,” criticism of the CPSU regarding RSR’s relations with the USA and NATO and independent relations with China, RSR’s distancing from the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries in terms of foreign policy.