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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Placeholder image for when a places image is not available

Eastern Europe

Romania

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Relations

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Nicolae Ceausescu, 1974

Ceaușescu, Nicolae

1918- 1989

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Pyongyang photographed in March 20212

East Asia

North Korea

Zhao Ziyang on a tour of East Germany in June 1987.

China-Eastern Europe Relations

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898- 1976

Photo of Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Maurer, Ion Gheorghe

1902- 2000

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906- 1982

Handshake between Mao Zedong and Richard Nixon

Sino-American Cooperation, 1972-1989

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893- 1976

Deng Xiaoping, 1979.

Deng, Xiaoping

1904- 1997

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Documents

May 21, 1973	Sixth Interkit Meeting, Record of Meetings with Oleg Rakhmanin and Konstantin Katushev These are the records of two meetings on the occasion of the Sixth Interkit Meeting. The first of these involves a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Oleg Rakhmanin, while the second is a meeting with the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Konstantin Katushev. Both address relations between China and the Soviet Union. The documents discuss the Sino-Soviet border clashes, the Soviet security policy in the Far East and Siberia, and the position of countries such as Yugoslavia, Romania, and Albania, as well as the critical situation in Vietnam and Cambodia.
May 21, 1973	Sixth Interkit Meeting, Record of Meeting with Boris Ponomarev and Konstantin Katushev This record of a meeting with the secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Boris Ponomarev, and with the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Konstantin Katushev, addresses the anti-Soviet course adopted by Beijing. The discussion specifically refers to relations between China and the Communist parties of Albania, Romania, Australia, France, Italy, and New Zealand. The document also assesses the situation in Anwar el-Sadat's Egypt, in Hafez al-Assad's Syria, in Iraq, and in Yemen, the main idea being that the Socialist countries should support the development of progressive Arabic states.
July 3, 1972	East German Report on the Fifth Interkit Meeting in Prague, July 1972 This East German report, issued after the Interkit meeting in Prague, addresses the domestic and foreign policies of China. It makes reference to internal conflicts destabilizing the Chinese leadership. China is said to be enhancing its military potential, especially in the area of missiles and nuclear weapons. Its aims in foreign policy are to acquire a leadership position in the so-called "Third World", to expand its relations with capitalist countries, to damage the unity of the Socialist bloc, and to obstruct the foreign relations of the Soviet Union. Considering the increase of influence of China on North Korea, Romania, and Vietnam, as well as on the Communist parties in Spain and Italy, the Socialist countries must improve their anti-Maoist propaganda efforts.
August 30, 1971	Minutes of Conversation between N. Ceausescu and the Chinese Military Delegation led by Li Desheng The two delegations discuss about the state of military relations and ways of further improving bilateral cooperation.
March 1964	Transcript of Conversations between Delegations of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party and the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (Excerpts) Romanian and Chinese officials on the Soviet use of informal channels to interfere in Romania’s domestic affairs.
June 3, 1971	Minutes of Conversation between Nicolae Ceausescu and Mao Zedong in Beijing on 3 June 1971 Mao Zedong and Nicolae Ceausescu discuss China's international reputation as a dogmatic dictatorship, especially among other Communist countries. They also discuss ping pong and scientific progress, specifically nuclear weapons and space exploration.
December 12, 1970	Memorandum of Conversation between Romanian Deputy Premier Gheorghe Radulescu and Zhou Enlai during a Visit to China between 20-26 November 1970 Gheorge Radulescu informs Zhou Enlai that the United States desires to improve Sino-US relations and discuss China's representation in the UN. Zhou states that China does not accept the proposal for Taiwan to remain a member of the UN as an autonomous region of China, because, in that case, other countries could ask that the same be done for Tibet and Xinjiang. Zhou notes the ongoing border disputes with the Soviet Union. Zhou also discusses Japan's growing economy and the threat of renewed Japanese militarism.
September 11, 1969	Minutes of Conversation between the Romanian Delegation to Ho Chi Minh’s Funeral, Led by Ion Gheorge Maurer, and the Chinese Delegation, Led by Zhou Enlai, 11 September 1969 Meeting between Chinese and Romanian delegations. The Romanians express their belief that it would take pressure off of them, if the tensions between the USSR and China were resolved. They discuss the general relations between the USSR and Romania and other states in Eastern Europe, specifically how closely their militaries and economies are linked to those of the Soviet Union. Enlai notes how individual communist parties now develop independently, instead of in cooperation with others.
September 7, 1969	Minutes of Conversation between Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Paul Niculescu Mizil, Zhou Enlai, and Li Xiannian on 7 September 1969 Conversation between Romanian and Chinese representatives. Romanians note that Nixon seemed sincere in his desire to normalize relations with China, and that he believed the Vietnam issue could not be solved militarily. The Romanians believe that Vietnam should pursue the opportunity for talks. Zhou Enlai states that the widespread activity of the USSR proves that the Soviet leaders are "crazy." The Romanians affirm that they would encourage neither the USSR or China to heighten aggression with the other.
July 18, 1969	Telegram from Ion Dorobantu, Romanian Charge d’Affaires in Beijing to Corneliu Manescu Regarding the Reply of the Chinese Communist Party to the Invitation to Send a Delegation to the 10th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party Telegram from Ion Dorobantu to Corneliu Manescu transmitting the contents of the Chinese reply to the Romanian invitation to send a delegation to the 10th Congress of the RCP. The Chinese refuse, politely, on the grounds that there will be a Soviet delegation present as well.